Allah Almighty said:
خُذِ الْعَفْوَ وَأْمُرْ بِالْعُرْفِ وَأَعْرِضْ عَنِ الْجَاهِلِينَ
Show forgiveness, enjoin what is good, and turn away from the ignorant.[Surah Al-A’raf 7:199]
Ibn Kathir رحمه الله included in his commentary on this verse [English translation and Arabic text below]:
There is more than one report from Mujahid concerning the verse, “Show forgiveness,” that it means (to forgive) the people’s bad character and deeds other than espionage.
Sufyan bin Uyaynah reported that his father said: When Allah, the Exalted and Most Honored, revealed this verse to His Prophet, the Messenger of Allah صلى الله عليه وسلم asked:
مَا هَذَا يَا جِبْرِيل
What is this, O Gabriel?
Gabriel عليه السلام said:
إن الله أمرك أن تعفو عمن ظلمك، وتعطي من حرمك، وتصل من قطعك
Allah commands you to forgive those who wronged you, give to those who deprived you, and keep relations with those who cut theirs with you.
Uqbah ibn Amir رضى الله عنه reported: We met the Messenger of Allah and I began speaking, saying, “O Messenger of Allah, tell me about virtuous deeds.” He صلى الله عليه وسلم said:
يَا عُقْبَةُ صِلْ مَنْ قَطَعَكَ وَأَعْطِ مَنْ حَرَمَكَ وَأَعْرِضْ عَمَّنْ ظَلَمَكَ
O Uqbah, reconcile with whoever cuts you off, give to whoever deprives you, and ignore whoever wrongs you.
[Musnad Ahmad, Number 16883]
Ibn Abbas reported: Uyaynah bin Hisn bin Hudhayfah stayed with his nephew Al-Hur bin Qays, who was among the people whom Umar used to have near him, for Umar used to like to have the reciters of the Qur’an near him and he would listen to their opinion, regardless of whether they were old or young men. Uyaynah said to his nephew, “O my nephew! You are close to this chief, so ask for permission for me to see him.” Al-Hur said, “I will ask him for you,” and he asked Umar for permission for Uyaynah to meet him, and Umar gave him permission. When Uyaynah entered on Umar, he said, “O Ibn Al-Khattab! You neither give to us sufficiently nor rule with justice between us.” Umar became so angry that he almost punished Uyaynah. However, Al-Hur said, “O Leader of the Believers! Allah, the Exalted, said to His Prophet:
خُذِ الْعَفْوَ وَأْمُرْ بِالْعُرْفِ وَأَعْرِض عَنِ الْجَـهِلِينَ
Show forgiveness, enjoin good, and turn away from the ignorant.
[Surah Al-A’raf 7:199]
And verily this man is one of the fools!” Al-Hur continued:
وَاللَّهِ مَا جَاوَزَهَا عُمَرُ حِينَ تَلَاهَا عَلَيْهِ وَكَانَ وَقَّافًا عِنْدَ كِتَابِ اللَّهِ
By Allah, Umar did not do anything after he heard this verse being recited. Indeed, he was one who adhered to the Book of Allah, the Exalted and Most Honored.
[Sahih Bukhari, Volume 6, Book 60, Number 166]
Some scholars said that people are of two kinds; a good-doer, so accept his good doing and neither ask him more than he can handle nor what will cause him hardship. The other kind is the one who falls in shortcomings, so enjoin righteousness on him. If he still insists on evil, becomes difficult and continues in his ignorance, then turn away from him so by ignoring him you might avert his evilness. Allah Almighty said in other instances:
ٱدْفَعْ بِٱلَّتِى هِىَ أَحْسَنُ ٱلسَّيِّئَةَ نَحْنُ أَعْلَمُ بِمَا يَصِفُونَ وَقُلْ رَّبِّ أَعُوذُ بِكَ مِنْ هَمَزَاتِ ٱلشَّيـٰطِينِ وَأَعُوذُ بِكَ رَبِّ أَن يَحْضُرُونِ
Repel evil with what is better. We are most knowing of what they describe. And say, “My Lord, I seek refuge in You from the incitements of the devils, and I seek refuge in You, my Lord, lest they be present with me.”
[Surah Al-Mu’minun 23:96-98]
And He Almighty said:
وَلاَ تَسْتَوِى ٱلْحَسَنَةُ وَلاَ ٱلسَّيِّئَةُ ٱدْفَعْ بِٱلَّتِى هِىَ أَحْسَنُ فَإِذَا ٱلَّذِى بَيْنَكَ وَبَيْنَهُ عَدَاوَةٌ كَأَنَّهُ وَلِىٌّ حَمِيمٌ وَمَا يُلَقَّاهَا إِلاَّ ٱلَّذِينَ صَبَرُواْ وَمَا يُلَقَّاهَآ إِلاَّ ذُو حَظِّ عَظِيمٍ
Not equal are the good deed and the bad. Repel [evil] by that [deed] which is better; and thereupon the one whom between you and him is enmity [will become] as though he was a devoted friend. But none is granted it except those who are patient, and none is granted it except one having a great portion [of good].
[Surah Al-Fussilat 41:34-35]
In reference to the advice contained in these verses,
وَإِمَّا يَنزَغَنَّكَ مِنَ ٱلشَّيْطَـٰنِ نَزْغٌ فَٱسْتَعِذْ بِٱللَّهِ إِنَّهُ هُوَ ٱلسَّمِيعُ ٱلْعَلِيمُ
If there comes to you from Satan an evil suggestion, then seek refuge in Allah. Indeed, He is the Hearing, the Knowing.
[Surah Al-Fussilat 41:36]
And:
وَإِمَّا يَنَزَغَنَّكَ مِنَ ٱلشَّيْطَـٰنِ نَزْغٌ فَٱسْتَعِذْ بِٱللَّهِ إِنَّهُ سَمِيعٌ عَلِيمٌ
If an evil suggestion comes to you from Satan, then seek refuge in Allah . Indeed, He is Hearing and Knowing.
[Surah Al-A’raf 7:200]
These three verses in the Quran, in Surahs Al-A’raf, Al-Mu’minun, and As-Sajda are unique. Allah encourages good behavior with wrong-doers because this might deter them, with Allah’s permission, from persisting in evil practices.
[Tafsir Quran AL-A’thīm Verse 7:199]
وقال غير واحد عن مجاهد في قوله تعالى: { خُذِ ٱلْعَفْوَ } قال: من أخلاق الناس وأعمالهم من غير تجسس
حدثنا سفيان هو ابن عيينة عن أبي قال: لما أنزل الله عز وجل على نبيه صلى الله عليه وسلم { خُذِ ٱلْعَفْوَ وَأْمُرْ بِٱلْعُرْفِ وَأَعْرِض عَنِ ٱلْجَـٰهِلِينَ } قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم: ” ما هذا يا جبريل؟ ” قال: إن الله أمرك أن تعفو عمن ظلمك، وتعطي من حرمك، وتصل من قطعك
عن عقبة بن عامر رضي الله عنه قال: لقيت رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم فابتدأته، فأخذت بيده فقلت: يا رسول الله أخبرني بفواضل الأعمال، فقال: يا عقبة صل من قطعك، وأعط من حرمك، وأعرض عمن ظلمك
أن ابن عباس رضي الله عنهما قال: قدم عيينة بن حصن بن حذيفة، فنزل على ابن أخيه الحر بن قيس، وكان من النفر الذين يدنيهم عمر، وكان القراء أصحاب مجالس عمر ومشاورته، كهولاً كانوا أو شباباً، فقال عيينة لابن أخيه: يا ابن أخي لك وجه عند هذا الأمير، فاستأذن لي عليه، قال: سأستأذن لك عليه، قال ابن عباس: فاستأذن الحُرُّ لعيينة، فأذن له عمر، فلما دخل عليه، قال: هي يا ابن الخطاب فو الله ما تعطينا الجزل، ولا تحكم بيننا بالعدل، فغضب عمر حتى همّ أن يوقع به، فقال له الحر: يا أمير المؤمنين إن الله تعالى قال لنبيه صلى الله عليه وسلم { خُذِ ٱلْعَفْوَ وَأْمُرْ بِٱلْعُرْفِ وَأَعْرِض عَنِ ٱلْجَـٰهِلِينَ } وإن هذا من الجاهلين، والله ماجاوزها عمر حين تلاها عليه، وكان وقافاً عند كتاب الله عز وجل، وانفرد بإخراجه البخاري
وقال بعض العلماء: الناس رجلان، فرجل محسن، فخذ ما عفا لك من إحسانه، ولا تكلفه فوق طاقته، ولا ما يحرجه، وإما مسيء، فمره بالمعروف، فإن تمادى على ضلاله، واستعصى عليك، واستمر في جهله، فأعرض عنه، فلعل ذلك أن يرد كيده، كما قال تعالى
ٱدْفَعْ بِٱلَّتِى هِىَ أَحْسَنُ ٱلسَّيِّئَةَ نَحْنُ أَعْلَمُ بِمَا يَصِفُونَ وَقُلْ رَّبِّ أَعُوذُ بِكَ مِنْ هَمَزَاتِ ٱلشَّيـٰطِينِ وَأَعُوذُ بِكَ رَبِّ أَن يَحْضُرُونِ
المؤمنون:96-98
وقال تعالى
وَلاَ تَسْتَوِى ٱلْحَسَنَةُ وَلاَ ٱلسَّيِّئَةُ ٱدْفَعْ بِٱلَّتِى هِىَ أَحْسَنُ فَإِذَا ٱلَّذِى بَيْنَكَ وَبَيْنَهُ عَدَاوَةٌ كَأَنَّهُ وَلِىٌّ حَمِيمٌ وَمَا يُلَقَّاهَا إِلاَّ ٱلَّذِينَ صَبَرُواْ وَمَا يُلَقَّاهَآ إِلاَّ ذُو حَظِّ عَظِيمٍ
فصلت:34-35
هذه الوصية،
وَإِمَّا يَنزَغَنَّكَ مِنَ ٱلشَّيْطَـٰنِ نَزْغٌ فَٱسْتَعِذْ بِٱللَّهِ إِنَّهُ هُوَ ٱلسَّمِيعُ ٱلْعَلِيمُ
وقال في هذه السورة الكريمة أيضاً:
وَإِمَّا يَنَزَغَنَّكَ مِنَ ٱلشَّيْطَـٰنِ نَزْغٌ فَٱسْتَعِذْ بِٱللَّهِ إِنَّهُ سَمِيعٌ عَلِيمٌ
فهذه الآيات الثلاث في الأعراف والمؤمنون وحم السجدة لا رابع لهن، فإنه تعالى، يرشد فيهن إلى معاملة العاصي من الإنس بالمعروف بالتي هي أحسن، فإن ذلك يكفه عما هو فيه من التمرد بإذنه تعالى
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